Linkanje liotovih izpiskov.
Lio Novelli
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@ -26,3 +26,4 @@ Link do [[https://dogodki.kompot.si/events/76672075-1c6f-48f1-bc37-05dde93371e5]
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*** zapiski
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- [[file:zapiski/1_g1smo.org][g1smo]]
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- [[file+emacs:zapiski/sicp-lio.org][lio]]
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@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
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#org-div-home-and-up
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{ text-align: right; font-size: 70%; white-space: nowrap; }
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="content" class="content">
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<h1 class="title">Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs</h1>
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<div id="table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
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<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
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<div id="text-table-of-contents" role="doc-toc">
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#orgfa6dfd2">1. Foreword and Preface</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org7c75cdc">2. 1. Grajenje abstrakcij s procedurami</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org5fd76f1">2.1. Elementi programiranja</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgdd9a89f">2.2. Izvajanje kombinacij(e)</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgc00fe8a">2.3. 1.1.4 Sestavljene procedure</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org880c70f">2.4. 1.1.5 Substitucijski model za izvajanje procedur</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgc3d2732">2.5. meta</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org4f46a86">2.5.1. video lekcije</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#org9170e9c">2.6. vaje</a>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="#org33d53b7">2.6.1. 1.3</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgaece15c">2.6.2. 1.5</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgfcdfec0">2.6.3. 1.6</a></li>
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<li><a href="#org6d81d53">2.6.4. 1.7</a></li>
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<li><a href="#orgec5d243">2.6.5. 1.8</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#org8d4a90a">2.7. 1.1.8 Procedure kot crne skatle abstrakcij</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-orgfa6dfd2" class="outline-2">
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<h2 id="orgfa6dfd2"><span class="section-number-2">1.</span> Foreword and Preface</h2>
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<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-1">
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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Lisp je preživeli, v uporabi je že "polovico stoletja".
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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The discretionary exportable functionality entrusted to the individual Lisp programmer
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is more than an order of magniture greater than that to be found within Pascal enterprises.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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Želimo vzpostaviti idejo, da programski jezik ni samo način, da računalnik izvaja operacije,
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ampak da je predvsem nov formalni medij za izražanje idej o metodologiji. Zato morajo biti
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programi napisani predvsem zato, da jih ljudje berejo, in slučajno, da jih izvajajo računalniki.
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</p>
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<p>
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Bistvena tema ni sintaksa določenih struktur v programskem jeziku, niti …, temveč tehnike
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nadzora intelektualne kompleksnosti veliki programskih sistemov.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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Naš pristop k temi izvira iz prepričanja, da "computer science" ni znanost in da ima njen
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pomen bolj malo opraviti z računalniki. Računalniška revolucija je revolucija v načinu
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mišljenja in izražanju idej. Bistvo teh sprememb najbolše opiše pojem
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<span class="underline">proceduralne epistemologije</span>, ki se ukvarja s strukturo vednosti z imperativnega stališča
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za razliko od klasične matematike, ki je bolj deklerativna. Matematika postavi okvir za
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natančno spoprijemanje s pojmovanjem "kaj je". Računanje pa ponudi okvir za natančno
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ukvarjanje s pojmovanjem "kako".
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-org7c75cdc" class="outline-2">
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<h2 id="org7c75cdc"><span class="section-number-2">2.</span> 1. Grajenje abstrakcij s procedurami</h2>
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<div class="outline-text-2" id="text-2">
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-org5fd76f1" class="outline-3">
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<h3 id="org5fd76f1"><span class="section-number-3">2.1.</span> Elementi programiranja</h3>
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<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-1">
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<dl class="org-dl">
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<dt>Primitivni izrazi</dt><dd>predstavtljajo najpreprostejše gradnike (entitete)
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programskega jezika</dd>
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<dt>Načini kombinacije,</dt><dd>s katerimi so sestavljeni elementi zgrajeni iz
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preprostejših</dd>
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<dt>Načini abstrakcije,</dt><dd>s katerimi so lahko sestavljeni elementi poimenovani in
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omogočajo upravljanje z njimii kot enotami</dd>
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</dl>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-orgdd9a89f" class="outline-3">
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<h3 id="orgdd9a89f"><span class="section-number-3">2.2.</span> Izvajanje kombinacij(e)</h3>
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<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-2">
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<p>
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Postopek za izvajanje kombinacij:
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</p>
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<ol class="org-ol">
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<li>Izvedi podizraz kombinacije.</li>
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<li>Uporabi/uveljavi proceduro, ki je najbolje levi podizraz (operator) z
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argumenti, ki so vrednosti drugih podizrazov (operandi).</li>
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</ol>
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<p>
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Postopek evalvacije je rekurziven, saj drugi korak v sebi vključuje prvega,
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oziroma vključuje svojo definicijo.
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</p>
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<p>
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Tako se zgradi akumulacijsko drevo. Na koncu vedno prideš do točke, ko izvajaš
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primitivne izraze, ki so:
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</p>
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<ul class="org-ul">
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<li>vrednosti numeričnih števk, ki jo označujejo.</li>
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<li>vrednosti vgrajenih operatorjev so strojni ukazi sekvenc, ki izvedejo te
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operacije.</li>
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<li>vrednosti drugih imen so objekti asociirani s temi imeni v okolju.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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Drugo pravilo je poseben primer tretjega pravila. Simboli + in * so tudi
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vključeni v globalno okolje in so asociirani s strojnimi ukazi, ki so njihove
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vrednosti. <b>Pomembno je prepoznati vlogo okolja pri določanju pomena simbolov v
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izrazih.</b>
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</p>
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<p>
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To pravilo se ne nanaša na <span class="underline">posebne oblike (special forms)</span>. <code>define</code> je posebna
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oblika.
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-orgc00fe8a" class="outline-3">
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<h3 id="orgc00fe8a"><span class="section-number-3">2.3.</span> 1.1.4 Sestavljene procedure</h3>
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<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-3">
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<ul class="org-ul">
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<li>Številke in aritmetične operacije so primitivni podatki in procedure.</li>
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<li>Gnezdenje kombinacij omogoča način za združevanje operacij.</li>
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<li>Definicije, ki asociirajo imena z vrednostmi omogočajo omejene načine
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abstrakcije.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>
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<code>(define (square x) (* x x))</code>
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</p>
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<p>
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<code>(define square (lambda (x) (* x x)))</code>
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</p>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="outline-container-org880c70f" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="org880c70f"><span class="section-number-3">2.4.</span> 1.1.5 Substitucijski model za izvajanje procedur</h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-4">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Za izvajanje sestavljenih procedur z argumenti, izvedeš telo procedure z vsakim
|
||||
formalnim parametrom, ki ga nadomestiš s pripadajočim argumentom.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span class="underline">ergh, tukaj se zapletam s slovenskimi prevodi</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<span class="underline">kaj je application in kaj evaluation?</span>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Načini, na katere deluje interpreter (prevajalnik):
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
<dl class="org-dl">
|
||||
<dt>Aplikativni vrstni red</dt><dd>Najprej evalviraj operator in operande, potem pa
|
||||
izvedi proizvedeno proceduro s pridobljenimi argumenti.</dd>
|
||||
<dt>Normalni vrstni red</dt><dd>Ne izvajaj operandov dokler njihove vrednost niso
|
||||
potrebne. Najprej zamenjaj izraze operandov s parametri, dokler ne pride do
|
||||
izraza, ki vsebuje zgolj primitivne izraze in potem izvedi (vso) evalvacijo.</dd>
|
||||
</dl>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgc3d2732" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="orgc3d2732"><span class="section-number-3">2.5.</span> meta</h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-5">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Linki:
|
||||
<a href="https://develop.spacemacs.org/layers/+lang/scheme/README.html">https://develop.spacemacs.org/layers/+lang/scheme/README.html</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.nongnu.org/geiser/">https://www.nongnu.org/geiser/</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/learn/">https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/learn/</a>
|
||||
<a href="https://spritely.institute/static/papers/scheme-primer.html#introduction">https://spritely.institute/static/papers/scheme-primer.html#introduction</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Kako nastavit spacemacs, in malo o guile-u.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org4f46a86" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="org4f46a86"><span class="section-number-4">2.5.1.</span> video lekcije</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-5-1">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="https://yewtu.be/channel/UCEBb1b_L6zDS3xTUrIALZOw">https://yewtu.be/channel/UCEBb1b_L6zDS3xTUrIALZOw</a> (6.001 SICP: Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs (2004))
|
||||
<a href="https://yewtu.be/playlist?list=PL7BcsI5ueSNFPCEisbaoQ0kXIDX9rR5FF">https://yewtu.be/playlist?list=PL7BcsI5ueSNFPCEisbaoQ0kXIDX9rR5FF</a> (MIT 6.001 Structure and Interpretation, 1986)
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org9170e9c" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="org9170e9c"><span class="section-number-3">2.6.</span> vaje</h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-6">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org33d53b7" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="org33d53b7"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.1.</span> 1.3</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-1">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<ol class="org-ol">
|
||||
<li><a id="orge132dac"></a>najprej narobe<br />
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-5" id="text-2-6-1-1">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Define a procedure that takes three numbers as arguments and returns the sum of
|
||||
the squares of the two larger numbers.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-scheme"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">define</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">sum-of-large</span> x y z<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>+
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>> x y<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>* x x<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>* y y<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>> y z<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>* y y<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>* z z<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>sum-of-large <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">8</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">5</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-scheme"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">define</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">sum-of-larger</span> x y z<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">let*</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>s <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">lambda</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>a<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>* a a<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>sl <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">lambda</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>b c<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span> <span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>> b c<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>s b<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span>s c<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span><span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>+ <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>sl x y<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>sl y z<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span><span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>sum-of-larger <span style="color: #a45bad;">3</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">8</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">5</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
|
||||
<li><a id="org8da2665"></a>pravilno<br />
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-5" id="text-2-6-1-2">
|
||||
<div class="org-src-container">
|
||||
<pre class="src src-scheme"><span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">define</span> <span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #bc6ec5; font-weight: bold;">sum-squares-of-larger</span> x y z<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span>> x y<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>> y z<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>+ <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* x x<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* y y<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>+ <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* x x<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* z z<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">(</span><span style="color: #4f97d7; font-weight: bold;">if</span> <span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>> x z<span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>+ <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* y y<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* x x<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #67b11d;">(</span>+ <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* y y<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span> <span style="color: #b1951d;">(</span>* z z<span style="color: #b1951d;">)</span><span style="color: #67b11d;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #2d9574;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #bc6ec5;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
<span style="color: #4f97d7;">(</span>sum-squares-of-larger <span style="color: #a45bad;">9</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">10</span> <span style="color: #a45bad;">8</span><span style="color: #4f97d7;">)</span>
|
||||
</pre>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</li>
|
||||
</ol>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgaece15c" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="orgaece15c"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.2.</span> 1.5</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-2">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
Aplikativni vrstni red: pade takoj v neskoncno zanko.
|
||||
Normalni vrstni red: izvrsi test in pride v if, ki ne izvrsi drugega dela.
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgfcdfec0" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="orgfcdfec0"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.3.</span> 1.6</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-3">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
<a href="sqrt-newton.scm">sqrt-newton.scm</a>
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org6d81d53" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="org6d81d53"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.4.</span> 1.7</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-4">
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li><code>good-enough?</code> ni vredu za iskanje korenov majhnih stevil.</li>
|
||||
<li>pravtako za zelo velika stevila</li>
|
||||
<li>napisi alternativno <code>good-enough?</code> proceduro, ki bo gledala, kdaj so spremembe
|
||||
dovolj majhne in takrat prekini funkcijo.</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
// Poglej v sqrt-newton.scm
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-orgec5d243" class="outline-4">
|
||||
<h4 id="orgec5d243"><span class="section-number-4">2.6.5.</span> 1.8</h4>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-4" id="text-2-6-5">
|
||||
<p>
|
||||
// Glej v sqrt-newton.sqm
|
||||
</p>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
<div id="outline-container-org8d4a90a" class="outline-3">
|
||||
<h3 id="org8d4a90a"><span class="section-number-3">2.7.</span> 1.1.8 Procedure kot crne skatle abstrakcij</h3>
|
||||
<div class="outline-text-3" id="text-2-7">
|
||||
<ul class="org-ul">
|
||||
<li>block structure</li>
|
||||
<li>lexical scoping</li>
|
||||
</ul>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue