Delo na disertaciji, realna subsumpcija
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@ -110,30 +110,26 @@ title: "Kritika ideologije"
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::: {lang=en}
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> Today's situation returns us continually to this attempt, in ai1 ever-harsher
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> way. For now we face not the great abstract syntheses of bourgeois thought,
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> but the cult of the most vulgar empirical trivia that has become capital's
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> praxis. No longer the logical system of knowledge, the principles of science,
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> but an orderless mass of historical facts, of fragmented experiences, of great
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> *faits accomplis* that no one has ever thought about. Science and ideology
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> again merge with and contradict one another, but no longer in a
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> systematisation of ideas meant for eternity, but rather in the day-to-day
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> happenings of the class struggle. And this struggle is now dominated by a new
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> reality that would have been inconceivable in Marx's time. Capital has placed
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> the whole functional apparatus of bourgeois ideology into the hands of the
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> officially recognised workers' movement. Capital no longer manages its own
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> ideology but has the workers' movement manage it in its stead. This 'workers'
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> movement' thus functions as an ideological mediation internal to capital;
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> through the historical exercises of this function, the entire mystified world
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> of appearances that contradict reality is attached to the working class. That
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> is why we say that today the critique of ideology is a task internal to the
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> workingclass point of view, and has only in the second instance to do with
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> capital. The political task of a working-class auto-critique must question the
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> entire past historical course of the workers' class struggle and do so
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> starting from the current state of organisation. In the present, the working
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> class does not have to criticise anyone outside of itself, its own history,
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> its own experiences and that corpus of ideas that has been gathered together
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> by others around it. [@tronti2019workers, 163-164]
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> Today's situation returns us continually to this attempt, in ai1 ever-harsher way.
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> For now we face not the great abstract syntheses of bourgeois thought, but the cult of the most vulgar empirical trivia that has become capital's praxis.
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> No longer the logical system of knowledge, the principles of science, but an orderless mass of historical facts, of fragmented experiences, of great *faits accomplis* that no one has ever thought about.
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> Science and ideology again merge with and contradict one another, but no longer in a systematisation of ideas meant for eternity, but rather in the day-to-day happenings of the class struggle.
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> And this struggle is now dominated by a new reality that would have been inconceivable in Marx's time.
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> Capital has placed the whole functional apparatus of bourgeois ideology into the hands of the officially recognised workers' movement.
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> Capital no longer manages its own ideology but has the workers' movement manage it in its stead.
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> This 'workers' movement' thus functions as an ideological mediation internal to capital; through the historical exercises of this function, the entire mystified world of appearances that contradict reality is attached to the working class.
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> That is why we say that today the critique of ideology is a task internal to the workingclass point of view, and has only in the second instance to do with capital.
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> The political task of a working-class auto-critique must question the entire past historical course of the workers' class struggle and do so starting from the current state of organisation.
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> In the present, the working class does not have to criticise anyone outside of itself, its own history, its own experiences and that corpus of ideas that has been gathered together by others around it.
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[@tronti2019workers, 163-164]
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:::
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::: {lang=en}
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> Capitalist power seeks to use the workers' antagonistic will-to-struggle as a motor for its own development.
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> The working-class party must take this real working-class mediation of capital's interests and organise it in an antagonistic form, as the tactical terrain of struggle and as a strategic destructive potential.
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[@tronti2019workers, 242]
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:::
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@ -21,15 +21,13 @@ description: |
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[@krasovec2021tujost, 138]
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Iteracija.
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(glej @make)
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Glej tudi @workflow.
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(@nelinea)
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> [D]ružbena oblika mišljenja, ki se danes uveljavlja s prevlado tehnopodob, je v nasprotju z družbeno obliko mišljenja, ki se formira s pisavo, bolj sinhorna kot pa linearna.
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> Za "dešifriranje" novomedijskih sporočil je pomembna zmožnost hkratnega sledenja večjemu številu sporočil in povezovanja med njimi, medtem ko je bila najpomembnejša kognitivna funkcija zgodovinske zavesti to, kar filozofija obravnava kot izpeljevanje, kot zmožnost produkcije linearnega vzročno-posledičnega sosledja vzrokov in učinkov ali premis in sklepov ali razlogov in dejanj v pisanju, a tudi njihove reprodukcije v branju na način poglobljenega razumevanja.
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[@krasovec2021tujost, 146]
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(@)
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> Nadbesedilo pravzaprav ni nič pretresljivo novega, saj le posplošuje in paradigmatizira našo predračunalniško izkušnjo z nelinearnimi, nesekvenčnimi publikacijami, kakršne so enciklopedije, slovarji, biblija, kuharske in strokovne knjige, opremljene s stvarnim in avtorskim kazalom, opombami, seznamom literature ipd.
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> Takih publikacij ne beremo zbrano in zvezno od začetka do konca, ampak skačemo od teme do teme, od gesla do gesla, od strani do strani glede na trenutni interes.
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@ -80,17 +78,20 @@ opredeli primer rabe, ki bi ga nov datotečni sistem naslovil:
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## Tehnologija pisanja
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(@make)
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(@workflow)
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Delovni tok:
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```
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pisanje -> ( `make` -> `pandoc` ) -> `git push`
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$ vi neusmerjeno_pisanje.md
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$ make
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$ git commit neusmerjeno_pisanje.md
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$ git push
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```
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"Recepti" so zapisani v [`makefile`](makefile).
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1. *Sploščitev ELF*. Nelsonov predlog ima tri sestavine: *zapise*, *sezname* in
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(@) *Sploščitev ELF*. Nelsonov predlog ima tri sestavine: *zapise*, *sezname* in
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*povezave*. Zapis je enota informacije, poljubnega obsega in oblike. Seznam
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je urejen niz zapisov. Povezava pa je povezava med dvema zapisoma iz
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različnih seznamov. V našem primeru gre za sploščitev zapisov in seznamov,
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@ -103,18 +104,18 @@ opredeli primer rabe, ki bi ga nov datotečni sistem naslovil:
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posamezne odstavke lahko povezovali s posameznimi odstavki v drugih
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seznamih (odstavkov).
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2. *Kontekstualne povezave*.
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(@) *Kontekstualne povezave*.
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2. *Ikonoklazem*.
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(@) *Ikonoklazem*.
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4. *Tekst kot tekstura in slučajne povezave*. Ker vztrajamo na sočasnem
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(@) *Tekst kot tekstura in slučajne povezave*. Ker vztrajamo na sočasnem
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prikazovanju in ...
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## Stil, smisel in doktrina pisanja
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(@bullshit)
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*[Don't believe your own bullshit.]{lang=en}*
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[*Don't believe your own bullshit.*]{lang=en}
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To se nanaša predvsem na nekatere samozadovoljne izpeljave iz fraze: "brez revolucionarne teorije ni revolucionarne prakse".
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Če logike kapitala ni mogoče spontano spoznati, še ne pomeni, da je tvoje pisanje posebno poklicano ali uporabno "revolucionarni praksi".
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@ -2,42 +2,61 @@
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title: "Realna subsumpcija dela pod kapitalom"
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...
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<!-- Formal and Real Subsumption of Labour under Capital. Transitional
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Forms [@marx1994economic, 93-121] -->
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<!-- Formal and Real Subsumption of Labour under Capital. Transitional Forms [@marx1994economic, 93-121] -->
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Dvema oblikama presežne vrednosti -- absolutni in relativni -- ustrezata
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dve obliki *subsumpcije dela pod kapitalom*, oziroma dve obliki
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*kapitalistične produkcije*, pri čemer je prva vedno podlaga drugi,
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čeprav lahko druga predstavlja tudi podlago za uvedbo prve v novih
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panogah [@marx1994economic, 95].
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Dvema oblikama presežne vrednosti -- absolutni in relativni -- ustrezata dve obliki *subsumpcije dela pod kapitalom*, oziroma dve obliki *kapitalistične produkcije*, pri čemer je prva vedno podlaga drugi, čeprav lahko druga predstavlja tudi podlago za uvedbo prve v novih panogah.
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[@marx1994economic, 95]
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Prvo obliko, ki sloni na absolutni presežni vrednosti, Marx imenuje
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*formalna subsumpcija dela pod kapitalom* saj se od drugih produkcijskih
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načinov -- kjer producenti zase ali za drugega proizvajajo presežek --
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razlikuje zgolj *formalno*. Razlika je v vrsti prisile, v metodi s
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katero je presežna vrednost priklicana v obstoj.
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## Formalna subsumpcija
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Prvo obliko, ki sloni na absolutni presežni vrednosti, Marx imenuje *formalna subsumpcija dela pod kapitalom* saj se od drugih produkcijskih načinov -- kjer producenti zase ali za drugega proizvajajo presežek -- razlikuje zgolj *formalno*.
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Razlika je v vrsti prisile, v metodi s katero je presežna vrednost priklicana v obstoj.
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Bistvene točke *formalne subsumpcije dela pod kapitalom*:
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1) *delavec* se nasproti kapitalistu, posestniku denarja, postavlja kot
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posestnik lastne delovne zmožnosti in kot prodajalec njene začasne
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rabe. Oba se srečata kot lastnika blag, kot prodajalec in kupec in
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zatorej kot formalno svobodni osebi med katerima ni drugega, politično
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ali družbeno določenega, razmerja gospostva ali podreditve
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[@marx1994economic, 95]. V kolikor pride do podreditve, do te pride iz
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posebne vsebine prodaje ne pa iz prodaji vnaprej postavljene podreditve
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[@marx1994economic, 430].
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1) *delavec* se nasproti kapitalistu, posestniku denarja, postavlja kot posestnik lastne delovne zmožnosti in kot prodajalec njene začasne rabe.
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Oba se srečata kot lastnika blag, kot prodajalec in kupec in zatorej kot formalno svobodni osebi med katerima ni drugega, politično ali družbeno določenega, razmerja gospostva ali podreditve.
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[@marx1994economic, 95]
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V kolikor pride do podreditve, do te pride iz posebne vsebine prodaje ne pa iz prodaji vnaprej postavljene podreditve.
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[@marx1994economic, 430]
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2) *objektivni pogoji dela* (surovine, orodja -- produkcijska sredstva)
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ter *subjektivni pogoji dela* (življenjska sredstva) v celoti ali vsaj
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delno pripadajo kupcu in konsumentu njegovega dela, torej delavcu
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stojijo nasproti kot *kapital*. Bolj kot se mu pogoji dela postavljajo
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nasproti kot lastnost drugega, bolj so razmerje med kapitalom in mezdnim
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delom formalno prisotno, torej bolj je formalna subsumpcija dela pod
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kapital dokončna. (Prva točka implicira drugo, saj drugače delavecu ne
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bi bilo potrebno prodajati svoje delovne zmožnosti.)
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2) *objektivni pogoji dela* (surovine, orodja -- produkcijska sredstva) ter *subjektivni pogoji dela* (življenjska sredstva) v celoti ali vsaj delno pripadajo kupcu in konsumentu njegovega dela, torej delavcu stojijo nasproti kot *kapital*.
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Bolj kot se mu pogoji dela postavljajo nasproti kot lastnost drugega, bolj so razmerje med kapitalom in mezdnim delom formalno prisotno, torej bolj je formalna subsumpcija dela pod kapital dokončna.
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(Prva točka implicira drugo, saj drugače delavecu ne bi bilo potrebno prodajati svoje delovne zmožnosti.)
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Tu še ne gre za razliko v samem produkcijskem načinu. Delovni proces je
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iz tehnološkega vidika nespremenjen in je zgolj kot delovni proces
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podrejen kapitalu.
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Tu še ne gre za razliko v samem produkcijskem načinu.
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Delovni proces je iz tehnološkega vidika nespremenjen in je zgolj kot delovni proces podrejen kapitalu.
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## Realna subsumpcija
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> The real subsumption of labour under capital is developed in all the forms which produce relative, as opposed to absolute, surplus value, though, as we have seen, this definitely does not exclude the possibility that they might increase the latter while increasing the former.
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[@marx1994economic, 105-106]
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> With the real subsumption of labour under capital, all the changes we have discussed take place in the technological process, the labour process, and at the same time there are changes in the relation of the worker to his own production and to capital -- and finally, the development of the productive power of labour takes place, in that the productive forces of social labour are developed, and only at that point does the application of natural forces on a large scale, of science and of machinery, to direct production become possible.
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> Here, therefore, there is a change not only in the formal relation but in the labour process itself.
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> On the one hand the capitalist mode of production -- which now first appears as a mode of production *sui generis* -- creates a change in the shape of material production.
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[@marx1994economic, 106]
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Realna subsumpcija dela pod kapitalom se razvije v oblikah, ki producirajo relativno
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---
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lang: sl
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references:
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- type: book
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id: marx1994economic
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author:
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- family: Marx
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given: Karl
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title: "Economic works 1861--1864"
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container-title: "Collected works"
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container-author:
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- family: Marx
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given: Karl
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- family: Engels
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given: Frederick
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volume: 34
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publisher-place: London
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publisher: Lawrence & Wishart
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issued: 1994
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language: en
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...
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@ -466,27 +466,6 @@ references:
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page: 210-230
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language: en
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################################################################################
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- type: chapter
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id: corna2022architecture
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author:
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- family: Corna
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given: Luisa Lorenza
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title: "Architecture"
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editor:
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- family: Skeggs
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given: Beverly
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- family: Farris
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given: Sara R.
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- family: Toscano
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given: Alberto
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- family: Bromberg
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given: Svenja
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container-title: "The SAGE handbook of Marxism"
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publisher-place: Los Angeles
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publisher: SAGE
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issued: 2022
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page: 766-784
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language: en
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# D ############################################################################
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################################################################################
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- type: article-journal
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@ -6,27 +6,47 @@ description: |
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::: {lang=en}
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> Capital is always searching for ways to overcome barriers to valorization. The
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> circulation of money, for instance, allows capital to overcome the temporal
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> and spatial barriers inherent in direct exchange. Automation, or what Marx
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> called the "automatic mechanism" enables the overcoming of a different
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> barrier; it helps "reduce to a minimum the resistance offered by man, that
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> obstinate yet elastic natural barrier". Even if we do not go so far as to
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> consider the possibility of a capitalism without humans, the notion of
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> synthetic automation should remind us that capital is not "exclusively a
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> reorganisation of human production" but also a trajectory towards a "radically
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> new, alien way of production". The needs of capital are alien to humans and
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> only coincide with them accidentally. In a striking and horrific passage, Tony
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> Smith puts it admirably: capital is a "higher-order alien power operating at
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> the level of society as a whole. It systematically selects for human ends
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> compatible with its end, 'the self-valorization of value', and systematically
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> represses all human ends that are not compatible with this non-human end". At
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> this point, we can only speculate on what new operations of selection and
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> repression might be provided to capital by more mature forms of synthetic
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> automation. [@steinhoff2021automation, 235]
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> Capital is always searching for ways to overcome barriers to valorization.
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> The circulation of money, for instance, allows capital to overcome the temporal and spatial barriers inherent in direct exchange.
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> Automation, or what Marx called the "automatic mechanism" enables the overcoming of a different barrier; it helps "reduce to a minimum the resistance offered by man, that obstinate yet elastic natural barrier".
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> Even if we do not go so far as to consider the possibility of a capitalism without humans, the notion of synthetic automation should remind us that capital is not "exclusively a reorganisation of human production" but also a trajectory towards a "radically new, alien way of production".
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> The needs of capital are alien to humans and only coincide with them accidentally.
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> In a striking and horrific passage, Tony Smith puts it admirably: capital is a "higher-order alien power operating at the level of society as a whole.
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> It systematically selects for human ends compatible with its end, 'the self-valorization of value', and systematically represses all human ends that are not compatible with this non-human end".
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> At this point, we can only speculate on what new operations of selection and repression might be provided to capital by more mature forms of synthetic automation.
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[@steinhoff2021automation, 235]
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:::
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***
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Za Krašovca je prehod kapitala od nadomeščanja motoričnih in mehaničnih človeških funkcij do nadomeščanja intelektualnih funkcij ključen.
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Dokler stroji nadomeščajo zgolj silo, trend tega nadomeščanja nadzira človek, četudi posledic tega nima popolnoma pod nadzorom.
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Ko pa se človeka lahko nadomesti tudi s tako imenovanimi mislečimi stroji -- sistemi, ki lahko sami načrtujejo in prilagajajo svojo dejavnost -- konkurenčno določen razvoj razvoj kapitala postane popolnoma *ambivalenten* do človeka.
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> Tehnološka evolucija je presegla biološke omejitve človeških možganov, kar pomeni tudi omejitve človeškega intelekta.
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> Na tej točki človeštvo ne postaja odvečno le v socialnem pomenu, temveč tudi v pomenu možnosti nadomeščanja človeške delovne sile v kapitalističnem produkcijskem procesu z mislečimi stroji.
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> Stroji industrijske revolucije so bili le prožni, ne pa tudi (avtonomno) inteligentni, mogoče jih je bilo hitro prilagajati, spreminjati, "hekati" ali nadomeščati z novimi, bolj zmogljivimi, niso pa mogli svojih dejavnosti načrtovati, izvajati in prilagajati sami.
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> Človeško biološko omejenost so presegli le na področju motorike, ne pa tudi intelekta, medtem ko so današnji stroji čedalje bolj zmožni tudi avtonomnih intelektualnih funkcij, kar pomeni, da morda predstavljajo zametke prožne in inteligentne delovne sile, ki bo sčasoma nadomestila človeško.
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[@krasovec2021tujost, 82-83]
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Na tej točki, pravi, je za razumevanja delovanja kapitala ključno razumevanje njegove *realne avtonomije*.
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Potencialno samospreminjanje kapitala preseže shemo človeški intelekt--materializacija v strojnem sistemu, preseže humanistično teorijo odtujitve, ki poteka na relaciji predikat subjekta--materializacija v objektu.
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Realna subsumpcija tako ni več proces prisvajanja človeka po kapitalu, temveč "konkurenčno določena realna avtonomija kapitala".
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[@krasovec2021tujost, 83-84]
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Na tej podlagi Krašovec za politiko, ideologijo, diskurz pravi, da so stvar starega reda.
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Ideološko opredeljevanje intelektualnih disciplin do tehnologije postane brezpredmetno, saj niso presežene zgolj določene ideološke vloge intelektualcev, temveč je presežena sama ideološka funkcija kot taka.
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Pri Krašovcu prav tako ideologijo, ki predstavlja intelektualne družbene
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skupine, nadomesti računalniška koda:
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> Pisanje računalniške kode ni le druga oblika pisanja, v kateri namesto črk nastopajo številke oziroma matematični znaki, temveč je tudi usmerjeno drugam -- ni pisanje neposredno za druge ljudi, temveč pisanje za stroje oziroma tehnološko okolje.
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> Medtem ko klasično pisanje s pomočjo primitivne kognitivne tehnologije pisave pošilja sporočila od enih do drugih biomožganov, pomeni programiranje komunikacijo med biomožgani programerja in računalniki kot tehnomožgani.
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> Tehnomožgani izvajajo večino današnjih splošnih družbenih kognitivnih in intelektualnih operacij ter pretežno komunicirajo med seboj, kar povzroča večino tesnob, povezanih z novimi mediji in tehnologijami, ki še dodatno eskalirajo z razvojem umetne inteligence, saj ta marginalizira intelektualni *input* biomožganov in, ker je njen način delovanja hiter, kompleksen in tuj, zaradi svoje netransparentnosti deluje zastrašujoče.
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[@krasovec2021tujost, 171]
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---
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lang: sl
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references:
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