Overview

Let’s review some key concepts we use throughout these docs:

Definition	Description
Data Stream	Set of sensor data collected using a specific type of device with a specific format and stored in a specific container. For example, smartphone (device) data collected with the AWARE Framework (format) and stored in a MySQL database (container).
Device	A mobile or wearable device, like smartphones, Fitbit wrist bands, Oura Rings, etc.
Sensor	A physical or digital module builtin in a device that produces a data stream. For example, a smartphone’s accelerometer or screen.
Format	A file in RAPIDS that describes how sensor data from a device matches RAPIDS data representation.
Container	An electronic repository of data, it can be a database, a file, a Web API, etc. RAPIDS connects to containers through container scripts.
Participant	A person that took part in a monitoring study
Behavioral feature	A metric computed from raw sensor data quantifying the behavior of a participant. For example, time spent at home computed from location data. These are also known as digital biomarkers
Time segment	Time segments (or epochs) are the time windows on which RAPIDS extracts behavioral features. For example, you might want to compute participants’ time at home every morning or only during weekends. You define time segments in a CSV file that RAPIDS processes.
Time zone	A string code like America/New_York that represents a time zone where a device logged data. You can process data collected in single or multiple time zones.
Provider	A script that creates behavioral features for a specific sensor. Providers are created by the core RAPIDS team or by the community, which are named after its first author like [PHONE_LOCATIONS][DORYAB].
config.yaml	A YAML file where you can modify parameters to process data streams and behavioral features. This is the heart of RAPIDS and the file that you will modify the most.
credentials.yaml	A YAML file where you can define credential groups (user, password, host, etc.) if your data stream needs to connect to a database or Web API
Participant file(s)	A YAML file that links one or more smartphone or wearable devices that a single participant used. RAPIDS needs one file per participant.

What can I do with RAPIDS?

You can do one or more of these things with RAPIDS:

1. Extract behavioral features from smartphone, Fitbit, and Empatica’s supported data streams
2. Add your own behavioral features (we can include them in RAPIDS if you want to share them with the community)
3. Add support for new data streams if yours cannot be processed by RAPIDS yet
4. Create visualizations for data quality control and feature inspection
5. Extending RAPIDS to organize your analysis and publish a code repository along with your code

Hint

• In order to follow any of the previous tutorials, you will have to Install, Configure, and learn how to Execute RAPIDS.

• We recommend you follow the Minimal Example tutorial to get familiar with RAPIDS

• Email us, leave a comment in these docs, create a Github issue or text us in Slack if you have any questions

Frequently Asked Questions

General

What exactly is RAPIDS?

RAPIDS is a group of configuration files and R and Python scripts that are executed by Snakemake. You can get a copy of RAPIDS by cloning our Github repository.

RAPIDS is not a web application or server; all the processing is done in your laptop, server, or computer cluster.

How does RAPIDS work?

You will most of the time only have to modify configuration files in YAML format (config.yaml, credentials.yaml, and participant files pxx.yaml), and in CSV format (time zones and time segments).

RAPIDS pulls data from different data containers and processes it in steps. The input/output of each step is saved as a CSV file for inspection; you can check the files that are created for each sensor on its documentation page.

All data is stored in data/, and all processing Python and R scripts are stored in src/.

User and File interactions in RAPIDS

In the figure below, we represent the interactions between users and files. After a user modifies the configuration files mentioned above, the Snakefile file will search for and execute the Snakemake rules that contain the Python or R scripts necessary to generate or update the required output files (behavioral features, plots, etc.).

Interaction diagram between the user, and important files in RAPIDS

Data flow in RAPIDS

In the figure below, we represent the flow of data in RAPIDS. In broad terms, smartphone and wearable devices log data streams with a certain format to a data container (database, file, etc.).

RAPIDS can connect to these containers if it has a format.yaml and a container.[R|py] script used to pull the correct data and mutate it to comply with RAPIDS’ internal data representation. Once the data stream is in RAPIDS, it goes through some basic transformations (scripts), one that assigns a time segment and a time zone to each data row, and another one that creates “episodes” of data for some sensors that need it (like screen, battery, activity recognition, and sleep intraday data).

After this, RAPIDS executes the requested PROVIDER script that computes behavioral features per time segment instance. After every feature is computed, they are joined per sensor, per participant, and study. Visualizations are built based on raw data or based on computed features.

Data stream flow in RAPIDS

Is my data private?

Absolutely, you are processing your data with your own copy of RAPIDS in your laptop, server, or computer cluster, so neither we nor anyone else can have access to your datasets.

Do I need to have coding skills to use RAPIDS?

If you want to extract the behavioral features or visualizations that RAPIDS offers out of the box, the answer is no. However, you need to be comfortable running commands in your terminal and familiar with editing YAML files and CSV files.

If you want to add support for new data streams or behavioral features, you need to be familiar with R or Python.

Is RAPIDS open-source or free?

Yes, RAPIDS is both open-source and free.

How do I cite RAPIDS?

Please refer to our Citation guide; depending on what parts of RAPIDS you used, we also ask you to cite the work of other authors that shared their work.

I have a lot of data, can RAPIDS handle it/ is RAPIDS fast enough?

Yes, we use Snakemake under the hood, so you can automatically distribute RAPIDS execution over multiple cores or clusters. RAPIDS processes data per sensor and participant, so it can take advantage of this parallel processing.

What are the advantages of using RAPIDS over implementing my own analysis code?

We believe RAPIDS can benefit your analysis in several ways:

• RAPIDS has more than 250 behavioral features available, many of them tested and used by other researchers.
• RAPIDS can extract features in dynamic time segments (for example, every x minutes, x hours, x days, x weeks, x months, etc.). This is handy because you don’t have to deal with time zones, day light saving changes, or date arithmetic.
• Your analysis is less prone to errors. Every participant sensor dataset is analyzed in the same way and isolated from each other.
• If you have lots of data, out-of-the-box parallel execution will speed up your analysis and if your computer crashes, RAPIDS will start from where it left of.
• You can publish your analysis code along with your papers and be sure it will run exactly as it does in your computer.
• You can still add your own behavioral features and data streams if you need to, and the community will be able to reuse your work.

Data Streams

Can I process smartphone data collected with Beiwe, PurpleRobot, or app X?

Yes, but you need to add a new data stream to RAPIDS (a new format.yaml and container script in R or Python). Follow this tutorial. Email us, create a Github issue or text us in Slack if you have any questions.

If you do so, let us know so we can integrate your work into RAPIDS.

Can I process data from Oura Rings, Actigraphs, or wearable X?

The only wearables we support at the moment are Empatica and Fitbit. However, get in touch if you need to process data from a different wearable. We have limited resources so we add support for different devices on an as-needed basis, but we would be happy to collaborate with you to add new wearables. Email us, create a Github issue or text us in Slack if you have any questions.

Can I process smartphone or wearable data stored in PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite, CSV files, or data container X?

Yes, but you need to add a new data stream to RAPIDS (a new format.yaml and container script in R or Python). Follow this tutorial. If you are processing data streams we already support like AWARE, Fitbit, or Empatica and are just connecting to a different container; you can reuse their format.yaml and only implement a new container script. Email us, create a Github issue or text us in Slack if you have any questions.

If you do so, let us know so we can integrate your work into RAPIDS.

I have participants that live in different time zones and some that travel; can RAPIDS handle this?

Yes, RAPIDS can handle single or multiple timezones per participant. You can use time zone data collected by smartphones or collected by hand.

Some of my participants used more than one device during my study; can RAPIDS handle this?

Yes, you can link more than one smartphone or wearable device to a single participant. RAPIDS will merge them and sort them automatically.

Some of my participants switched from Android to iOS or vice-versa during my study; can RAPIDS handle this?

Yes, data from multiple smartphones can be linked to a single participant. All iOS data is converted to Android data before merging it.

Extending RAPIDS

Can I add my own behavioral features/digital biomarkers?

Yes, you can implement your own features in R or Python following this tutorial

Can I extract behavioral features based on two or more sensors?

Yes, we do this for PHONE_DATA_YIELD (combines all phone sensors), PHONE_LOCATIONS (combines location and data yield data), PHONE_APPLICATIONS_BACKGROUND (combines screen and app usage data), and FITBIT_INTRADAY_STEPS (combines Fitbit and sleep and step data).

However, we haven’t come up with a user-friendly way to configure this, and currently, we join sensors on a case-by-case basis. This is mainly because not enough users have needed this functionality so far. Get in touch, and we can set it up together; the more use cases we are aware of, the easier it will be to integrate this into RAPIDS.

I know how to program in Python or R but not both. Can I still use or extend RAPIDS?

Yes, you don’t need to write any code to use RAPIDS out of the box. If you need to add support for new data streams or behavioral features you can use scripts in either language.

I have scripts that clean raw data from X sensor, can I use them with RAPIDS?

Yes, you can add them as a [MUTATION][SCRIPT] in the format.yaml of the data stream you are using. You will add a main function that will receive a data frame with the raw data for that sensor that in turn will be used to compute behavioral features.

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